Tribulus (Tribulus terrestris)

Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), sometimes called “Indian ginseng,” is a sturdy shrub growing to about 5 ft (1.5 m) with oval leaves, greenish or yellow flowers, and small, round fruits. NCCIH says some preparations may help insomnia and stress, but there isn't enough evidence to know whether it helps most other conditions.

Buchu is a strongly aromatic, bushy shrub reaching about 6½ ft (2 m), with slightly leathery, dotted leaves that release a distinctive scent.

White peony is an upright perennial growing to 6.5 feet with large white flowers and divided, dark green leaves. Its history of use in China stretches back at least 1,500 years, and it is one of the herbs in 'Four Things Soup.' The plant is cultivated throughout northeastern China and Inner Mongolia, propagated from seed in spring or from root cuttings in winter. The root of 4- or 5-year-old plants is harvested in spring or autumn.

Cleavers is a straggling, square-stemmed annual growing to 4 feet with whorls of lance-shaped leaves, clusters of small white flowers, and small round green fruits covered with hooked prickles. The name refers to the plant's ability to cling (or cleave) to fur or clothing. Common throughout Europe and North America and found in many other temperate regions including Australia, it grows prolifically in gardens and along roadsides. The Greek physician Dioscorides in the 1st century CE noted that shepherds used the stems to make sieves for straining milk.

Codonopsis is a small twining perennial growing to 5 feet with oval leaves and pendulous green and purple bell-shaped flowers marked with purple in summer. Native to northeastern China and growing throughout the region, especially in the Shanxi and Szechuan provinces, it is propagated from seed in spring or autumn, and the root is harvested in autumn once the aerial parts have died down. Codonopsis holds a central place in Chinese herbal medicine.

Couch grass is a vigorous perennial growing to 32 inches with a long, creeping rhizome, slender leaves, and erect spikes bearing green flowers aligned in two rows. Found in Europe, the Americas, northern Asia, and Australia, it is an invasive weed harvested throughout the year. In times of famine, the root was roasted and ground as a substitute for coffee and flour.

Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) is a small, low-lying evergreen shrub with dark green leaves, pink flowers, and bright red berries. Cranberries contain proanthocyanidins, which NCCIH says are thought to keep bacteria from sticking to the bladder wall. Cranberry juice or extracts are widely used to try to prevent urinary tract infections (UTIs); NCCIH says they may lower the risk of repeat UTIs in some women but are not recommended as a treatment for an existing UTI. MSK notes that the fruit and juice are rich in vitamin C.

Garlic (Allium sativum) is a bulbous perennial in the onion family, recognized for its sharp flavor and characteristic odor. It is widely used in cooking, and crushed fresh garlic contains allicin. NCCIH says garlic supplements may lower cholesterol, blood pressure and blood sugar to a small extent, but very little research has tested claims that they boost immunity.