References & sources
Where our herbal data comes from — and an important disclaimer.
Reference materials
Our herbal listings are curated from authoritative sources. To learn more, consider these recommended reads:
- Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine — Andrew Chevallier
- The Modern Herbal Dispensatory: A Medicine-Making Guide— Thomas Easley & Steven Horne
- Stockley's Herbal Medicines Interactions — edited by Elizabeth Williamson, Samuel Driver, and Karen Baxter
Disclaimer
The information provided by this app and the recommended books is for educational purposes only. We, along with the authors of the referenced materials, are not liable for any adverse effects or consequences resulting from the use of any suggestions, preparations, or procedures discussed. Consult a qualified healthcare professional before starting any new herbal regimen, especially if you have pre-existing health conditions or are taking other medications.
Image credits
Herb photos are self-hosted and used under their original licenses. We only ship images released into the public domain or under CC0, CC BY, or CC BY-SA — never non-commercial or unlicensed files. Attribution for every Creative Commons photo is listed below.
- 13 photos from Pixabay (Pixabay Content License).
- 17 photos from Unsplash (Unsplash License).
- 15 public-domain / CC0 photos from Wikimedia Commons.
Creative Commons attributions
- Aconite (Aconitum napellus) — Axel Tschentscher · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Agrimony (agrimonia eupatoria) — Rosser1954 · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) — Sten Porse · CC BY-SA 3.0
- Andrographis (Andrographis paniculata) — J.M.Garg · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Angelica (angelica archangelica) — H. Zell · CC BY-SA 3.0
- Arjun (Terminalia arjuna) — J.M.Garg · CC BY 3.0
- Arnica (Arnica montana) — Böhringer Friedrich · CC BY-SA 2.5
- Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) — Neha.Vindhya · CC BY-SA 3.0
- Astragalus (Astragalus membranaceus) — Doronenko · CC BY 2.5
- Bacopa (Bacopa monnieri) — Ks.mini · CC BY-SA 3.0
- Bay laurel (Laurus nobilis) — Júlio Reis ( Tintazul ) · CC BY-SA 2.5
- Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia) — Joydeep · CC BY-SA 3.0
- Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) — No machine-readable author provided. Valérie75 assumed (based on copyright claims). · CC BY-SA 3.0
- Black Pepper (Piper nigrum) — K Hari Krishnan · CC BY-SA 3.0
- Blue Cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides) — H. Zell · CC BY-SA 3.0
- Boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum) — SB_Johnny · CC BY-SA 3.0
- Borage (Borago officinalis) — Hans Hillewaert · CC BY-SA 3.0
- Boswellia (Boswellia serrata) — J.M.Garg · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Bupleurum — Girolamo Giardina uploaded by Esculapio · CC BY-SA 3.0
- Butcher's Broom (ruscus aculeatus) — Dominicus Johannes Bergsma · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Butterbur (Petasites hybridus) — Ivar Leidus · CC BY-SA 4.0
- California Poppy (Eschscholzia californica) — © geograph.org.uk contributor · CC BY-SA 2.0
- Catnip (Nepeta cataria) — Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Cat's Claw (Uncaria tomentosa) — Vangeliq.petrova · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Cayenne (Capsicum annuum) — Brocken Inaglory · CC BY-SA 3.0
- Chaparral (Larrea tridentata) — Adbar · CC BY-SA 3.0
- Chaste Tree (Vitex agnus-castus) — Didier Descouens · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Chickweed (Stellaria media) — Robert Flogaus-Faust · CC BY 4.0
- Chinese Peony / White Peony (Paeonia lactiflora) — Another one of my pictures: This photograph was taken by Medium69 (William Crochot) and released under the license stated below. You are free to use it for any purpose as long as you credit the author (William Crochot), the Source (Wikimedia Commons) and the license (CC-BY-SA 4.0) in close relation to the image. Please do not upload an updated image here without consultation with the Author. The author would like to make corrections only at his own source RAW. This ensures that the changes are preserved. Please if you think that any changes should be required, please inform the author. Otherwise you can upload a new image with a new name. Please use one of the templates derivative or extract . · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Cinchona (Rubiaceae) — Filo gèn' · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) — Simon A. Eugster · CC BY-SA 3.0
- Cleavers (Galium aparine) — Alvesgaspar · CC BY-SA 3.0
- Codonopsis (Codonopsis pilosula) — Doronenko · CC BY 2.5
- Coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara) — The Cosmonaut · CC BY-SA 2.5 ca
- Comfrey (Symphytum officinale) — Dominicus Johannes Bergsma · CC BY-SA 3.0
- Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) — Didier Descouens · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus) — TeunSpaans · CC BY-SA 3.0
- Couch Grass (Elymus repens) — Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Damiana (Turnera diffusa) — Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 3.0
- Dan Shen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) — Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) — Dominicus Johannes Bergsma · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Deadly Nightshade (Atropa belladonna) — Elmar Hinz · CC BY-SA 3.0
- Devil's Claw (Harpagophytum procumbens) — Roger Culos · CC BY-SA 3.0
- Dill (Anethum graveolens) — JLPC · CC BY-SA 3.0
- Dragon's Blood (Dracaena draco) — H. Zell · CC BY-SA 3.0
- Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis) — Christian Ferrer · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Eyebright (Euphrasia spp) — © geograph.org.uk contributor · CC BY-SA 2.0
- Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) — Alvesgaspar · CC BY-SA 3.0
- Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) — Thamizhpparithi Maari · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) — Quartl · CC BY-SA 3.0
- Fo Ti (Polygonum multiflorum) — 阿橋 HQ · CC BY-SA 2.0
- Fringe Tree (Chionanthus virginicus) — Agnieszka Kwiecień, Nova · CC BY-SA 4.0
- German Chamomile (Chamomilla recutita) — JackyM59 · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Ginger (Zingiber officinale) — Venkatx5 · CC BY-SA 3.0
- Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) — Dietmar Rabich · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Goat's Rue (Galega officinalis) — Roger Culos · CC BY-SA 3.0
- Goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea) — Ivar Leidus · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) — Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Gravel Root (Eupatorium purpureum) — Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 3.0
- Ground Ivy (Glechoma hederacea) — Reinhold Möller Ermell · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Guggul (Commiphora mukul) — derivative work: Photohound ( talk ) IncenseWikiVers.jpg : Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by Trengarasu using CommonsHelper . The original uploader was Sjschen at English Wikipedia . · CC BY-SA 2.5
- Gymnema (Gymnema sylvestre) — Vinayaraj · CC BY-SA 3.0
- Hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa) — Mokkie · CC BY-SA 3.0
- Hops (Humulus lupulus) — Matt Lavin from Bozeman, Montana, USA · CC BY-SA 2.0
- Horse Chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) — Dominicus Johannes Bergsma · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) — W. Bulach · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Horsetail (Equisetum arvense) — © geograph.org.uk contributor · CC BY-SA 2.0
- Jambul (Syzygium cumini) — কামরুল ইসলাম শাহীন · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Jasmine (Jasminum grandiflorum) — Srichakra Pranav · CC BY-SA 3.0
- Ju Hua (Chrysanthemum x morifolium) — F. D. Richards from Clinton, MI · CC BY-SA 2.0
- Juniper (Juniperus communis) — liz west from Boxborough, MA · CC BY 2.0
- Kava (Piper methysticum) — Forest & Kim Starr · CC BY 3.0
- Lemon (Citrus limon) — André Karwath aka Aka · CC BY-SA 2.5
- Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis) — Gideon Pisanty ( Gidip ) גדעון פיזנטי · CC BY 3.0
- Licorice — Frank Schulenburg · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Linden (Tilia europaea) — Michal Klajban · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Lungwort (Pulmonaria officinalis) — Nefronus · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Magnolia (Magnolia officinalis) — KENPEI · CC BY-SA 3.0
- Marshmallow (Althaea officinalis) — Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria) — © geograph.org.uk contributor · CC BY-SA 2.0
- Motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca) — Bff · CC BY-SA 3.0
- Mulberry Leaf (Morus alba) — Roger Culos · CC BY-SA 3.0
- Mullein (Verbascum thapsus) — Dcrjsr · CC BY 3.0
- Neem (Azadirachta indica) — Kevinsooryan · CC BY-SA 3.0
- Nettle (Urtica dioica) — Charles J. Sharp · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Oats (avena sativa) — Richard Bartz · CC BY-SA 2.5
- Olive (Olea europaea) — Palauenc05 · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Oregano (Origanum vulgare) — Ivar Leidus · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Osha (Ligusticum porteri) — JerryFriedman · CC BY-SA 3.0
- Papaya Leaf (Carica papaya) — Ivar Leidus · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Pau d'Arco (Tabebuia impetiginosa) — Giles Laurent · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium) — Katya from Moscow, Russia · CC BY-SA 2.0
- Peppermint (Mentha x piperita) — Jamain · CC BY-SA 3.0
- Plantain (Plantago major) — Sanjay Acharya · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Pleurisy Root (Asclepias tuberosa) — Photo by and (c)2008 Derek Ramsey ( Ram-Man ). Co-attribution must be given to the Chanticleer Garden. · CC BY-SA 3.0
- Prickly ash (Rutaceae) — Juan Carlos Fonseca Mata · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Psyllium (Plantago ovata) — Stan Shebs · CC BY-SA 3.0
- Pulsatilla (Pulsatilla vulgaris) — Bernard DUPONT from FRANCE · CC BY-SA 2.0
- Pygeum (Pygeum africanum) — SAplants · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Red Clover (Trifolium pratense) — Dandy1022 · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Rhodiola (Rhodiola rosea) — Alpsdake · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Chinese Rhubarb (Rheum palmatum) — Roger Culos · CC BY-SA 3.0
- Rue (ruta graveolens) — H. Zell · CC BY-SA 3.0
- Sage (Salvia officinalis) — Kurt Stüber [1] · CC BY-SA 3.0
- Saw Palmetto (Serenoa repens) — Ted Bodner, Southern Weed Science Society, United States · CC BY 3.0 us
- Senna (Cassia senna) — Lalithamba from India · CC BY 2.0
- Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus) — Vengolis · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Shepherd’s Purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris) — Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Siberian Ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) — Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Slippery Elm (Ulmus rubra) — Photo by and (c)2016 Derek Ramsey ( Ram-Man ) · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Solomon’s Seal (Polygonatum multiflorum) — Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 3.0
- Squaw Vine (Mitchella repens) — Sesamehoneytart · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Stone Root (Collinsonia canadensis) — H. Zell · CC BY-SA 3.0
- Sweet Annie (Artemisia annua) — Kristian Peters -- Fabelfroh 11:39, 16 September 2007 (UTC) · CC BY-SA 3.0
- Thuja (Thuja occidentalis) — Carlos Delgado · CC BY-SA 3.0
- Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) — Christian Ferrer · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Tribulus (Tribulus terrestris) — Bill.pix · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Turmeric (Curcuma longa) — Simon A. Eugster · CC BY-SA 3.0
- Uva Ursi (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) — Roger Culos · CC BY-SA 3.0
- Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) — Ivar Leidus · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Varuna (Capparidaceae) — francisco javier gallego · CC BY-SA 3.0
- Violet (Viola odorata) — Uoaei1 · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Visnaga (Ammi visnaga) — user:penarc · CC BY-SA 4.0
- White Willow (Salix alba) — Willow · CC BY-SA 2.5
- Wild Yam (Dioscorea villosa) — H. Zell · CC BY-SA 3.0
- Wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens) — Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) — Matt Lavin from Bozeman, Montana, USA · CC BY-SA 2.0